Ihsan, N. H., Muslih, M. K., Zhoofiroh, Z. 'Afaaf, Alfiyya Zahra Asso, & Abdussalam, N. (2026). The Problem of Evil: A Study of Alvin Plantinga’s Free Will Defense. Journal of Islamic and Occidental Studies, 4(1), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.21111/jios.v4i1.89